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Heat treatment is the general name of the processes applied to improve the mechanical properties (hardness, strength, etc.) of metals. It is a type of metallurgical process.
Generally speaking, it is made by annealing metals at a certain temperature and get into their structures to the desired phase. The metal is then cooled at once, thus the grains are trapped in a phase that is not thermodynamic equilibrium phase at room temperature. This phase is usually one in which the material exhibits superior mechanical properties.
Although the theory of heat treatment is not well known, its practice was known and applied long before the industrial revolution. For example, it is a simple heat treatment for blacksmiths to suddenly cool swords by immersing them in water after forging to strengthen them. Similar applications have been in some other metal items where sharpness, hardness, abrasion resistance are required.
A technique called carbonization was found after the industrial revolution and is frequently used today. It is a heat treatment technique used to increase the surface properties of metals. In this technique, the metal is kept in a carbon-rich environment at a temperature at which carbon elements can penetrate the metal's surface by diffusion. The processing time varies according to the desired effective hardness depth. Due to the nature of the diffusion process, the carbon concentration decreases in a parabolic way from the surface to the depth. Here, the effective hardness depth is the surface depth at which the desired minimum hardness value is achieved.
In atmosphere-controlled furnaces, carbon-rich gases are released into the environment, to provide a carbon-rich heating environment. Older technology is to harden the metal in molten industrial salts containing carbon.
Especially, steel is exposed to different temperatures during heat treatment (temperature-time curve), it is essential to find the most suitable point for the usage area. During heat treatment; by providing the most suitable conditions with the simultaneous control of temperature, time, and atmosphere, the desired material is produced. Cooling can occur in water, air, oil, or polymer liquids and at different rates (from slow furnace cooling to quenching) to produce a steel with the desired structure as well as the required hardness, strength, and toughness.
Heat Treatment techniques are as follows;
• Vacuum hardening
• Cementation
• Oil cooling
• Vacuum Soldering
• Carbonitration
• Betterment
• Tempering
• Hydrogen annealing
• Aluminum aging
• Normalization
• Stress relief
• Soft annealing
• Hardening
• Gas cementation
• Nitration
• Oxidation
• Subzero treatments
• Induction surface hardening
